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Investor–State Arbitration (ISDS)
✔ ICSID
✔ UNCITRAL
✔ PCA
✔ Ad hoc tribunals
• Expropriation claims
• FET violations
• MFN, National Treatment, and Umbrella Clause disputes
• Stabilisation clauses
• State defences and sovereign immunity
• Treaty interpretation under Vienna Convention
• Negotiation and restructuring of investor-State disputes
• Treaty drafting and reform
I regularly provide strategic guidance to Attorneys-General and senior government officials on managing ISDS risks and defending State actions.